But successful study, excellent grades do not guarantee a scientific degree at all. To move to a new level, the applicant must confirm sufficient scientific experience for this. A research paper designed as a Ph.D. thesis is the only sure way to move to a new educational level.How to write a PhD thesis Randy Ingremanson is an author who developed a simple method for writing a scientific paper. Randy was involved in the architecture of complex scientific projects and, like many authors, experienced serious anguish in developing the plots of their own books: preparation for writing took an extremely long time. But the American decided to use a combination of creative and scientific approaches in his work. Thus, a new method, quite popular among writers, was formed. This technique was called "snowflake" and found a lot of responses not only in the scientific world, but also in the literature, which indicates its undoubted effectiveness. The main idea of a snowflake is to highlight the main idea, problem, logline or topic. Then guide beams are formed: the so-called frame of future work, and additions (small rays) are gradually introduced. The basis for future work, as well as for the “snowflake”, will be the selected, agreed and approved topic of the candidate. In case of difficulties with its formulation, it is worth contacting the supervisor for help. Usually experienced mentors help with the choice of the problem required for research. As the main rays of the snowflake, the introductory part and the second chapter are used. The increase in volume will occur at the final stage of the work, because it is necessary to maintain a certain style of narration, consistency and coherence of the text. Graduate students are sometimes quite skeptical about the prospect of writing a dissertation. This is due to a banal fear of not being able to cope, difficulties in choosing the direction of research. But all this can be solved over time and a deeper study of various areas of interest. The supervisor is interested in the development of the researched industry, so he will help to cope with difficulties. Establishing a professional relationship between the applicant and the mentor will contribute to successful research activity and its design in scientific work. By the way, there are quite common cases when just a supervisor needs help in researching their chosen direction. At the same time, the applicant is offered the topic of a Ph.D. thesis related to the scientific interests of the leader. After the direction is determined, the topic is chosen, it is worth moving on to the structure of the dissertation. Practical Writing Guidelines In order to write a high-quality and correct dissertation, you need to adhere to the following practical recommendations. Writing a dissertation implies a clear formulation of the scheme of work, which will be a preparation for the main process of creating a scientific work. The author initially needs to determine for himself the main goals and objectives that will be carried out during research activities. It is required to clearly identify the main possibilities for solving problems that will appear in the process of writing a dissertation for the author of a scientific work. It is necessary to draw up a plan and formulate all the main questions for writing a Ph.D., only then it is possible to write down the main idea of scientific work in one sentence (“Message” letter to the reader). The sentence should consist of 20 - 25 words. Before writing a PhD, the author must determine for himself "what does he want to say with his work?". Writing a dissertation in the future should be focused around the main goal of scientific work, which was determined by the author at the planning stage of scientific activity. The section "Materials and methods of research" should be written as competently and concisely as possible. In the section, you need to indicate only the main points that describe the research conducted by the author. The main problems and issues of scientific work should be formulated before the main research. You need to understand what actions you need to perform to get answers to the dissertation questions. I can identify the main foundations and results of scientific work. PhD dissertation structure Regardless of the branch of science and the level of scientific work, the dissertation includes: introduction, conclusion, bibliography and, as a rule, at least three chapters. Often research work requires additions in the form of applications. The design of the work is regulated by GOST 7.0.11. While working on the introduction, it is important to keep a few things in mind. Need: be sure to indicate the relevance and practical significance of the problem under consideration; analyze the level of development of the topic, briefly describe it; highlight the main goal and objectives of the research work; do not miss explanations about the object or phenomenon under study; briefly outline the methodology for future research; indicate the provisions that will be important during the defense of the work; prospects for the application of the results obtained and their approbation. It is a well-thought-out structure that will allow the applicant to submit the required reports to the department without any problems in the first year of study. In addition, it will greatly facilitate the receipt of credit for research work. In the second semester of the first year, it is sometimes required to submit a dissertation prospectus to the commission. The scientifically grounded structure of the research work will allow such a plan to be written in the shortest possible time. In some universities, the plan-prospect is provided at the same time when the approximate research topic is being approved, so it is not worth delaying with the structure of the work. The abstract will also be necessary, since the preliminary work done will allow the most informative presentation of the main points of the dissertation. More details on the structure: 1st page is of course the title page; then comes the table of contents and content; if there is, then be sure to indicate the list of abbreviations that you used; introduction; 4-5 chapters; conclusion (may be absent, but it is better to write it); findings; practical recommendations (in dissertations on pedagogy and psychology); bibliography; applications (required); Introduction (2-7 pages). You must explain your choice of research topic, reflect its timeliness, show scientific innovation, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter (pages 21-42) is a review and analysis of literary sources on the research topic (if you did not write it yourself, we advise you to study this literature in detail). It is best to study the current state of the direction you have chosen, what has already been done by others, which is still not clear on your question and therefore requires careful consideration. If your dissertation topic touches on several issues, then it is better if the chapter has paragraphs (they are numbered like this 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc.). The logical conclusion of the chapter of the first chapter will be the formulation of the purpose, objectives of the study, hypotheses (what do you expect to get as a result of the study) and the main provisions submitted for defense. The second chapter (9-11 pages) usually contains a description of the working methodology. It is necessary to describe the experiment in detail, describe the methodology, the equipment used, and describe the subjects in detail. When the candidate of sciences reads the second chapter, he should not have questions about where you got your data from. Anyone reading this chapter should understand how to do the same kind of research. Third chapter (61-91 pages). It describes the results of the study. Usually they describe the received data in tables, illustrations of the results, as well as your explanations for your data. This chapter is the longest and it is best to break it into paragraphs. If your research is very large and contains a lot of information, without which the dissertation would be incomplete, it is better to add one more chapter (and then there will be five, not four). Chapter four (pages 21-31) talks about the results obtained, comparing your data and data of previous authors on the same topic. Usually there are as many conclusions as there are tasks, but it happens that there are two conclusions per task. Try to match the conclusions to the tasks. The list of literature used is written in accordance with GOST, which is currently in force. First, domestic sources are written, then foreign ones, everything is written alphabetically. In principle, a PhD dissertation is a scientific article, only of a wider range. The application is usually filled with data that is not included in the basis. It also includes copyright certificates, acts of implementation, and the like. If there is a lot of data, then it is better to divide the application into several, assign numbers to each application. According to the standards, a Ph.D. thesis should be written in a volume of 120 to 150 pages.
